Genetics 02: Genetics: The Study of Heredity
遺傳學 02: 對遺傳的研究

===== Yiler ===== ==== Article A ==== Genetic is the study of how parents pass their physical traits to their descendants and is first studied in mid 19th century by Gregor Mendel. Mendel discovered that the physical traits of an offspring are not the blend of their parents' traits. Which traits from which parent will be apparent on the offspring is decided by chance, and the apparent traits on the offspring are called dominant traits. However, there are also situations such as co-dominance, which is when both parents' traits are equally expressed. Incomplete dominance is when the traits of both parents are blended together. Multiple alleles is when there are more than two alleles that are given from the parents to the offspring. These situations often varies the genes of the animals in an environment. When cells reproduce, mistakes often happen so the replicated cell will not be completely identical. This situation is called a genetic disorder. Disorders can have a wide variety of effects on the human body, some conditions might make an individual perform better while others might be deleterious to the individual. Another way genes can be varied is gene flow, which happens when new individuals are added into a population of animals and this often happens along with migrations. A genetic drift is when both parents pass the same trait to their offspring which makes the offspring only able to transmit one kind of trait in this physical feature. ==== Article B ==== There are different dominance situations that affect how an offspring can inherit traits from their parents. Complete dominance is when one allele from one of the parents has affect on the offspring and the other allele holds a silent trait. Partially dominance is when both alleles express their trait, and it results a mix of traits. Codominance is similar to partially dominance except the alleles from both parents blend in this situation therefore the offspring can only pass a mixed trait to their offsprings. Overdominance is when a homozygous (having two identical alleles at the same locus) contains one stronger allele and a weaker one, offsprings with overdominant traits will have this trait even more apparent than their parents. ==== Infographic ==== {{::yiler-science-infographic-2.png?1200|}} ==== Sources ==== https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-dominance-genotype-phenotype-relationships-489/ ===== Steve ===== ==== Article A ==== Heritable traits are transmitted from parents to offspring which causes at least two factors (alleles) for each trait. One of the types of traits is the dominant trait, which is the trait that will be apparent in the individual when there are opposing forms of the same trait. The recessive trait, will not be apparent in the individual, but will still be part of the offspring's genetic makeup. Sometimes, there will be co-dominance which will cause both forms to be equally expressed, the opposite, incomplete dominance, results in both traits blending. Another factor of change to genetic traits is genetic drift, which causes change in alleles frequency that is random. This is what can cause large changes in only a few generations. ==== Article B ==== Different genes affect human physical appearances in different ways. For example, the OCA2 gene, located in the 15th region of the chromosome, controls eye color. Applying this concept will allow us to predict what a person will look like only with their genetic information. Currently, technology can predict traits like genetic ancestry, eye colour, hair colour, skin colour, freckling, and face shape. It is also being used and heavily researched in fields like forensics and history ==== Infographic ==== {{ :steve-parts-of-chromozone-that-control-physical-appearance-2.svg |}} ==== Sources ==== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome https://g.co/bard/share/4e92c07b4d7a https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8774670/ https://renickbell.net/middleschool/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=core:02-genetics-the-study-of-heredity.pdf Human hair colors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_hair_color SLC45A2 Gene: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane-associated_transporter_protein PAX6 Gene: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX6 OCA2 Gene: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_protein FTO Gene: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTO_gene MC1R Gene: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor GH1 Gene: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone_1