Genetics 01: Genetics and DNA
遺傳學 01: 基因和DNA

===== Yiler ===== ==== Article A ==== Genes, chromosomes, and DNA are the instructions stored in the nucleus of cells and they tell the cells how to replicate themselves correctly and they decide the physical characteristics of an animal. Animals will get their parents' chromosomes in the process called inheriting, and that is the reason why children share similar physical traits with their parents. When there is an error in the duplication process of the cells, a mutation happens. Although a mutation might not make too much of a difference in a body, a serious mutation can cause cells to reproduce incorrectly thus affecting the physical functionality of an animal. This situation is called a genetic condition. ==== Article B ==== DNA is the chemical sequence that defines the physical traits of a person, our cells replicate themselves in order to keep you alive. When an error happens in the replication process, a mutation happens. The two kinds of common mutations are germline mutation and somatic mutation. Germline mutations are mutations a person inherit from thegized into one of the three categories: deletion, insertion, and point. Point mutations are mutations that only alter one or more pairs of chromosomes, this kind of mutations has a lighter effect because it doesn't cause a frameshift. On the other hand, deletion and insertion are situations where there is one or more extra or missing chromosomes. These kinds of mutations have greater effects because they cause a frameshift in the DNA sequence. There is a huge number of effects mutations can have on human bodies, they could either be beneficial, silent, or deleterious. ==== Infographic ==== {{::yiler-genetic-mutation-infographic.png?1200|}} ==== Sources ==== https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mutation-1127/ ===== Steve ===== ==== Article A ==== They DNA builds and maintains the human structure and are carried by chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. Genes, which are part of the DNA, controls the physical appearance of the person. These things allow a cell to function correctly and replicate accurately. However, sometimes, issues like mutation can occur when cells replicate and it might prevent a cell from functioning normally. So, tests have been developed to find these issue and identify those can be inherited by later generations. ==== Article B ==== DNA replicates by splitting into two strands in the middle which exposes the nitrogenous bases. At the same time enzymes get produced to prepare the separated strands for duplication. Then, an enzyme called DNA polymerase wraps itself around the DNA strand and attaches new nucleotides to the exposed nitrogenous bases as it moves along the DNA. There are 4 types of nucleotides A, T, C and, G. A is always partnered with T and C is always partnered with G. This whole replication process is triggered by an initiator protein and which is followed by another protein called helicase which moves along the DNA and breaks hydrogen bonds holding the two sides of the DNA together. ==== Infographic ==== {{ :steve-landscape-dna-replication.svg |}} ==== Sources ==== https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cells-can-replicate-their-dna-precisely-6524830/