To record sound from the physical world, you need a microphone. There are several types, including:
Some mics you may encounter are:
It's important to remember about wind noise: the more the pattern is different from omnidirectional, the more noise you can get from wind. That's why you need some kind of windshield: a pop shield, a foam cover, a deadcat, or a blimp. Choose the least amount of protection that you can, but some protection is probably necessary.
a good easy-to-ready introduction to types of microphones and which to use: https://www.popsci.com/reviews/types-of-microphones/
some good advice on choosing the right microphone: https://www.soundguys.com/microphone-types-26497/
a great article about microphone pick-up patterns (also called polar patterns): https://www.lewitt-audio.com/blog/polar-patterns
they also have a nice page on microphone basics: https://www.lewitt-audio.com/microphone-basics
an even more detailed guide to microphone pick-up patterns: https://mynewmicrophone.com/the-complete-guide-to-microphone-polar-patterns/
everyone should listen to the last section of this video; long detailed video on mic types: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zP_2OpCmRs
short one; it's an ad, but it's got a great explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiXyDKOz6LU
great one. a sound designer talks about microphones he uses and why: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLfdSUx4kn8